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EC-COUNCIL 212-81 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic Details
Topic 1
  • International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)
  • History of Cryptography
Topic 2
  • Number Theory and Asymmetric Cryptography
  • Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Topic 3
  • Symmetric Cryptography & Hashes
  • Single Substitution Weaknesses
Topic 4
  • Symmetric Block Cipher Algorithms
  • Basic Facts of the Feistel Function
Topic 5
  • Server-based Certificate Validation Protocol
  • Classification of Random Number Generator
Topic 6
  • Introduction and History of Cryptography
  • Breaking the Vigenère Cipher
Topic 7
  • Cracking Modern Cryptography: Ciphertext-only and Related-key Attack
  • Cracking Modern Cryptography: Chosen Plaintext Attack
Topic 8
  • Propagating Cipher-Block Chaining (PCBC)
  • Naor-Reingold and Mersenne Twister Pseudorandom Function
Topic 9
  • Information Theory Cryptography Concepts
  • Multi-Alphabet Substitution
Topic 10
  • Cracking Modern Cryptography
  • Example of Symmetric Stream Ciphers: PIKE
Topic 11
  • Shiva Password Authentication Protocol (S-PAP)
  • Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
Topic 12
  • Steganography Implementations
  • Example of Symmetric Stream Ciphers: RC4
Topic 13
  • Birthday Paradox: Probability
  • Mono-Alphabet Substitution

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EC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q180-Q185):

NEW QUESTION # 180
The time and effort required to break a security measure.

  • A. Session Key
  • B. Work factor
  • C. Non-repudiation
  • D. Payload

Answer: B Explanation:
Work factor
Work factor - the time and effort required to break a security measure.
Incorrect answers:
Non-repudiation - involves associating actions or changes with a unique individual.
Session Key - is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is content encryption key (CEK), traffic encryption key (TEK), or multicast key which refers to any key used for encrypting messages, contrary to other uses like encrypting other keys (key encryption key (KEK) or key wrapping key).
Payload - is the part of transmitted data that is the actual intended message. Headers and metadata are sent only to enable payload delivery.
NEW QUESTION # 181
Which of the following areas is considered a strength of symmetric key cryptography when compared with asymmetric algorithms?

  • A. Security
  • B. Key distribution
  • C. Scalability
  • D. Speed

Answer: D Explanation:
Speed
Symmetric key systems are considerably faster than asymmetric key systems but have issues with proper key distribution, controlling keys as more users need to communicate, and cannot provide non-repudiation or authenticity.
NEW QUESTION # 182
RFC 1321 describes what hash?

  • A. MD5
  • B. SHA1
  • C. RIPEMD
  • D. GOST

Answer: A Explanation:
MD5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5
MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321.
NEW QUESTION # 183
Hash algortihm created by the Russians. Produces a fixed length output of 256bits. Input message is broken up into 256 bit blocks. If block is less than 256 bits then it is padded with 0s.

  • A. GOST
  • B. TIGER
  • C. FORK-256
  • D. BEAR

Answer: A Explanation:
GOST
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST(hashfunction)
The GOST hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-94 Information Technology - Cryptographic Information Security - Hash Function. The equivalent standard used by other member-states of the CIS is GOST 34.311-95.
Incorrect answers:
BEAR - BEAR block cipher was invented by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham by combining a stream cipher and a cryptographic hash function.
TIGER - is a cryptographic hash function designed by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham in 1995 for efficiency on 64-bit platforms. The size of a Tiger hash value is 192 bits. Truncated versions (known as Tiger/128 and Tiger/160) can be used for compatibility with protocols assuming a particular hash size. Unlike the SHA-2 family, no distinguishing initialization values are defined; they are simply prefixes of the full Tiger/192 hash value.
FORK-256 - is a hash algorithm designed in response to security issues discovered in the earlier SHA-1 and MD5 algorithms. After substantial cryptanalysis, the algorithm is considered broken.
NEW QUESTION # 184
A technique used to increase the security of block ciphers. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption.

  • A. Key Exchange
  • B. Whitening
  • C. Key Clustering
  • D. Key Schedule

Answer: B Explanation:
Whitening
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_whitening
In cryptography, key whitening is a technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key.
The most common form of key whitening is xor-encrypt-xor -- using a simple XOR before the first round and after the last round of encryption.
The first block cipher to use a form of key whitening is DES-X, which simply uses two extra 64-bit keys for whitening, beyond the normal 56-bit key of DES. This is intended to increase the complexity of a brute force attack, increasing the effective size of the key without major changes in the algorithm. DES-X's inventor, Ron Rivest, named the technique whitening.
Incorrect answers:
Key Clustering - different encryption keys generated the same ciphertext from the same plaintext message.
Key Schedule - an algorithm for the key that calculates the subkeys for each round that the encryption goes through.
Key Exchange - a method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm.
NEW QUESTION # 185
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