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NEW QUESTION 35 The goal of an information system is to achieve integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation of information's sent across the network. Which of the following statement correctly describe the steps to address all three?

• A. Encrypt the message digest using sender's public key and then send the encrypted digest to the receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt using his own private key.
• B. Encrypt the message digest using receiver's public key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt the message digest using his own private key.
• C. Encrypt the message digest using symmetric key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message.
• D. Encrypt message digest using sender's private key and then send the encrypted digest to the receiver along with original message. Receiver can decrypt the same using sender's public key.

Answer: D Explanation: Explanation/Reference: The digital signature is used to achieve integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation. In a digital signature, the sender's private key is used to encrypt the message digest of the message. Encrypting the message digest is the act of Signing the message. The receiver will use the matching public key of the sender to decrypt the Digital Signature using the sender's public key. A digital signature (not to be confused with a digital certificate) is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. Digital signatures cannot be forged by someone else who does not possess the private key, it can also be automatically time-stamped. The ability to ensure that the original signed message arrived means that the sender cannot easily repudiate it later. A digital signature can be used with any kind of message, whether it is encrypted or not, simply so that the receiver can be sure of the sender's identity and that the message arrived intact. A digital certificate contains the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that anyone can verify that the certificate is real and has not been modified since the day it was issued. How Digital Signature Works Assume you were going to send the draft of a contract to your lawyer in another town. You want to give your lawyer the assurance that it was unchanged from what you sent and that it is really from you. You copy-and-paste the contract (it's a short one!) into an e-mail note. Using special software, you obtain a message hash (mathematical summary) of the contract. You then use a private key that you have previously obtained from a public-private key authority to encrypt the hash. The encrypted hash becomes your digital signature of the message. (Note that it will be different each time you send a message.) At the other end, your lawyer receives the message. To make sure it's intact and from you, your lawyer makes a hash of the received message. Your lawyer then uses your public key to decrypt the message hash or summary. If the hashes match, the received message is valid. Below are some common reasons for applying a digital signature to communications: Authentication Although messages may often include information about the entity sending a message, that information may not be accurate. Digital signatures can be used to authenticate the source of messages. The importance of high assurance in the sender authenticity is especially obvious in a financial context. For example, suppose a bank's branch office sends instructions to the central office requesting a change in the balance of an account. If the central office is not convinced that such a message is truly sent from an authorized source, acting on such a request could be a serious mistake. Integrity In many scenarios, the sender and receiver of a message may have a need for confidence that the message has not been altered during transmission. Although encryption hides the contents of a message, it may be possible to change an encrypted message without understanding it.(Some encryption algorithms, known as nonmalleable ones, prevent this, but others do not.) However, if a message is digitally signed, any change in the message after the signature has been applied would invalidates the signature. Furthermore, there is no efficient way to modify a message and its signature to produce a new message with a valid signature, because this is still considered to be computationally infeasible by most cryptographic hash functions (see collision resistance). Non-repudiation Non-repudiation, or more specifically non-repudiation of origin, is an important aspect of digital signatures. By this property, an entity that has signed some information cannot at a later time deny having signed it. Similarly, access to the public key only does not enable a fraudulent party to fake a valid signature. Note that authentication, non-repudiation, and other properties rely on the secret key not having been revoked prior to its usage. Public revocation of a key-pair is a required ability, else leaked secret keys would continue to implicate the claimed owner of the key-pair. Checking revocation status requires an "online" check, e.g. checking a "Certificate Revocation List" or via the "Online Certificate Status Protocol". This is analogous to a vendor who receives credit-cards first checking online with the credit-card issuer to find if a given card has been reported lost or stolen. Tip for the exam Digital Signature does not provide confidentiality. It provides only authenticity and integrity. The sender's private key is used to encrypt the message digest to calculate the digital signature Encryption provides only confidentiality. The receiver's public key or symmetric key is used for encryption The following were incorrect answers: Encrypt the message digest using symmetric key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message - Symmetric key encryption does not provide non-repudiation as symmetric key is shared between users Encrypt the message digest using receiver's public key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt the message digest using his own private key - Receiver's public key is known to everyone. This will not address non-repudiation Encrypt the message digest using sender's public key and then send the encrypted digest to the receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt using his own private key -The sender public key is known to everyone. If sender's key is used for encryption then sender's private key is required to decrypt data. The receiver will not be able to decrypt the digest as receiver will not have sender's private key. The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question: CISA review manual 2014 Page number 331 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/DigitalSignaturediagram.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/digital-signature   NEW QUESTION 36 Which of the following statement INCORRECTLY describes the traditional audit approach in comparison to the Control self-assessment approach?

• A. Traditional approach requires limited employee participations.
• B. In traditional approach, Staffs at all level, in all functions, are the primary control analyst.
• C. Traditional approach assigns duties/supervises staff
• D. Traditional approach is a policy driven approach

Answer: B Explanation: Section: The process of Auditing Information System Explanation: The keyword INCORRECTLY is used in the question. You need to find out an option which incorrectly describes the traditional approach. For your exam you should know the information below about control self-assessment and traditional approach: The traditional approach can be summarized as any approach in which the primary responsibility for analyzing and reporting on internal control and risk is assigned to auditor and to lesser extent, controller department and outside consultants. Control self-assessment is an assessment of controls made by the staff and management of the unit or units involved. It is a management technique that assures stakeholders, customers and other parties that the internal controls of the organization are reliable. Benefits of CSA Early detection of risk More efficient and improved internal controls Creation of cohesive teams through employee involvement Developing a sense of ownership of the controls in the employees and process owners, and reducing their resistance to control improvement initiatives Increased employee awareness of organizational objectives, and knowledge of risk and internal controls Highly motivated employees Improved audit training process Reduction in control cost Assurance provided to stakeholders and customers Traditional and CSA attributes Traditional Historical CSA Assign duties/supervises staff Empowered/accountable employees Policy/rule driven Continuous improvement/learning curve Limited employee participation Extensive employee participation and training Narrow stakeholders focus Broad stakeholders focus Auditors and other specialist Staff at all level, in all functions, are the primary control analysts The following answers are incorrect: The other options specified are correctly describes about traditional approach. Reference: CISA review manual 2014 page number 61, 62 and 63   NEW QUESTION 37 An IS auditor notes that IDS log entries related to port scanning are not being analyzed. This lack of analysis will MOST likely increase the risk of success of which of the following attacks?

• A. Buffer overflow
• B. Denial-of-service
• C. Social engineering
• D. Replay

Answer: B Explanation: Explanation/Reference: Explanation: Prior to launching a denial-of-service attack, hackers often use automatic port scanning software to acquire information about the subject of their attack. A replay attack is simply sending the same packet again. Social engineering exploits end-user vulnerabilities, and buffer overflow attacks exploit poorly written code.   NEW QUESTION 38 If an IS auditor observes that an IS department fails to use formal documented methodologies, policies, and standards, what should the auditor do?

• A. Lack of IT documentation is not usually material to the controls tested in an IT audit.
• B. The auditor should at least document the informal standards and policies, and test for compliance. Furthermore, the IS auditor should create formal documented policies to be implemented.
• C. The auditor should at least document the informal standards and policies. Furthermore, the IS auditor should create formal documented policies to be implemented.
• D. The auditor should at least document the informal standards and policies, and test for a compliance. Furthermore, the IS auditor should recommend management that formal documented policies be developed and implemented.

Answer: D Explanation: Section: Protection of Information Assets Explanation: If an IS auditor observes that an IS department fails to use formal documented methodologies, policies, and standards, the auditor should at least document the informal standards and policies, and test for compliance. Furthermore, the IS auditor should recommend to management that formal documented policies be developed and implemented.   NEW QUESTION 39 Which of the following should be done FIRST when handling multiple confirmed incidents raised at the same time?

• A. Inform senior management.
• B. Activate the business continuity plan.
• C. Categorize incidents by the value of the affected asset.
• D. Update the business impact assessment.

Answer: C Explanation: Section: Information System Operations, Maintenance and Support   NEW QUESTION 40 ......