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NEW QUESTION 42 What does Output feedback (OFB) do:

• A. A block cipher is converted into a stream cipher by generating a keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext
• B. The cipher text from the current round is XORed with the plaintext for the next round
• C. The message is divided into blocks and each block is encrypted separately. This is the most basic mode for symmetric encryption
• D. The cipher text from the current round is XORed with the plaintext from the previous round

Answer: A Explanation: A block cipher is converted into a stream cipher by generating a keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockciphermodeofoperation#Outputfeedback(OFB) The output feedback (OFB) mode makes a block cipher into a synchronous stream cipher. It generates keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext. Just as with other stream ciphers, flipping a bit in the ciphertext produces a flipped bit in the plaintext at the same location. This property allows many error-correcting codes to function normally even when applied before encryption.   NEW QUESTION 43 The Clipper chip is notable in the history of cryptography for many reasons. First, it was designed for civilian used secure phones. Secondly, it was designed to use a very specific symmetric cipher. Which one of the following was originally designed to provide built-in cryptography for the Clipper chip?

• A. Blowfish
• B. Twofish
• C. Serpent
• D. Skipjack

Answer: D Explanation: Skipjack https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip The Clipper chip was a chipset that was developed and promoted by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) as an encryption device that secured "voice and data messages" with a built-in backdoor that was intended to "allow Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials the ability to decode intercepted voice and data transmissions.". It was intended to be adopted by telecommunications companies for voice transmission. Introduced in 1993, it was entirely defunct by 1996. he Clipper chip used a data encryption algorithm called Skipjack to transmit information and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange-algorithm to distribute the cryptokeys between the peers. Skipjack was invented by the National Security Agency of the U.S. Government; this algorithm was initially classified SECRET, which prevented it from being subjected to peer review from the encryption research community. The government did state that it used an 80-bit key, that the algorithm was symmetric, and that it was similar to the DES algorithm. The Skipjack algorithm was declassified and published by the NSA on June 24, 1998. The initial cost of the chips was said to be $16 (unprogrammed) or $26 (programmed), with its logic designed by Mykotronx, and fabricated by VLSI Technology, Inc (see the VLSI logo on the image on this page).   NEW QUESTION 44 In 2007, this wireless security algorithm was rendered useless by capturing packets and discovering the passkey in a matter of seconds. This security flaw led to a network invasion of TJ Maxx and data theft through a technique known as wardriving. Which Algorithm is this referring to?

• A. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)
• B. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
• C. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
• D. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

Answer: D Explanation: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiredEquivalentPrivacy#Weak_security In 2007, Erik Tews, Andrei Pychkine, and Ralf-Philipp Weinmann were able to extend Klein's 2005 attack and optimize it for usage against WEP. With the new attack it is possible to recover a 104-bit WEP key with probability 50% using only 40,000 captured packets. For 60,000 available data packets, the success probability is about 80% and for 85,000 data packets about 95%. Using active techniques like deauth and ARP re-injection, 40,000 packets can be captured in less than one minute under good conditions. The actual computation takes about 3 seconds and 3 MB of main memory on a Pentium-M 1.7 GHz and can additionally be optimized for devices with slower CPUs. The same attack can be used for 40-bit keys with an even higher success probability.   NEW QUESTION 45 Network of trusted certificate authority servers. Use asymmetric key pairs and combines software, encryption and services to provide a means of protecting security of business communication and transactions.

• A. PKI
• B. CA
• C. PIKE
• D. GOST

Answer: A Explanation: PKI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publickeyinfrastructure A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking and confidential email. It is required for activities where simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to validate the information being transferred. Incorrect answers: PIKE - stream cipher was invented by Ross Anderson to be a "leaner and meaner" version of FISH after he broke FISH in 1994. Its name is supposed to be a humorous allusion to the pike fish. GOST - hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-94 Information Technology - Cryptographic Information Security - Hash Function. The equivalent standard used by other member-states of the CIS is GOST 34.311-95. CA - certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates. A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions made about the private key that corresponds to the certified public key. A CA acts as a trusted third party-trusted both by the subject (owner) of the certificate and by the party relying upon the certificate. The format of these certificates is specified by the X.509 or EMV standard.   NEW QUESTION 46 Which of the following uses an 80 bit key on 64 bit blocks?

• A. DES
• B. Twofish
• C. Skipjack
• D. AES

Answer: C Explanation: Skipjack https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipjack_(cipher) Skipjack uses an 80-bit key to encrypt or decrypt 64-bit data blocks. It is an unbalanced Feistel network with 32 rounds. Incorrect answers: Twofish - is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard contest, but it was not selected for standardization. Twofish is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish. AES - For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits. DES - Data Encryption Standard is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography.   NEW QUESTION 47 ...... BONUS!!! Download part of Real4Prep 212-81 dumps for free: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1peVzLvRLsN55YIHgXQX7O64G0Ysqf1Um