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ISC Certified Information Systems Security Professional Sample Questions (Q1058-Q1063):

NEW QUESTION # 1058
Which of the following is NOT true about IPSec Tunnel mode?

• A. Established for gateway service
• B. Works at the Transport layer of the OSI model
• C. Fundamentally an IP tunnel with encryption and authentication
• D. Have two sets of IP headers

Answer: B Explanation:
IPSec can be run in either tunnel mode or transport mode. Each of these modes has its own particular uses and care should be taken to ensure that the correct one is selected for the solution:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used between gateways, or at an end-station to a gateway, the gateway acting as a proxy for the hosts behind it.
Transport mode is used between end-stations or between an end-station and a gateway, if the gateway is being treated as a host-for example, an encrypted Telnet session from a workstation to a router, in which the router is the actual destination.
As Figure 1 shows, basically transport mode should be used for end-to-end sessions and tunnel mode should be used for everything else. (Refer to the figure for the following discussion.)
Figure 1 Tunnel and transport modes in IPSec.
Figure 1 displays some examples of when to use tunnel versus transport mode:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used to encrypt traffic between secure IPSec gateways, such as between the Cisco router and PIX Firewall (as shown in example A in Figure 1).
The IPSec gateways proxy IPSec for the devices behind them, such as Alice's PC and the
HR servers in Figure 1. In example A, Alice connects to the HR servers securely through the IPSec tunnel set up between the gateways.
Tunnel mode is also used to connect an end-station running IPSec software, such as the
Cisco Secure VPN Client, to an IPSec gateway, as shown in example B.
In example C, tunnel mode is used to set up an IPSec tunnel between the Cisco router and a server running IPSec software. Note that Cisco IOS software and the PIX Firewall sets tunnel mode as the default IPSec mode.
Transport mode is used between end-stations supporting IPSec, or between an end-station and a gateway, if the gateway is being treated as a host. In example D, transport mode is used to set up an encrypted Telnet session from Alice's PC running Cisco Secure VPN
Client software to terminate at the PIX Firewall, enabling Alice to remotely configure the
PIX Firewall securely.
AH Tunnel Versus Transport Mode
Figure 2 shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to AH. In transport mode, AH services protect the external IP header along with the data payload. AH services protect all the fields in the header that don't change in transport. The header goes after the IP header and before the ESP header, if present, and other higher-layer protocols.
In tunnel mode, the entire original header is authenticated, a new IP header is built, and the new IP header is protected in the same way as the IP header in transport mode.
Figure 2 AH tunnel versus transport mode.
AH is incompatible with Network Address Translation (NAT) because NAT changes the source IP address, which breaks the AH header and causes the packets to be rejected by the IPSec peer.
ESP Tunnel Versus Transport Mode
Figure 3 shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to ESP. In transport mode, the
IP payload is encrypted and the original headers are left intact. The ESP header is inserted after the IP header and before the upper-layer protocol header. The upper-layer protocols are encrypted and authenticated along with the ESP header. ESP doesn't authenticate the
IP header itself.
NOTE
Higher-layer information is not available because it's part of the encrypted payload.
When ESP is used in tunnel mode, the original IP header is well protected because the entire original IP datagram is encrypted. With an ESP authentication mechanism, the original IP datagram and the ESP header are included; however, the new IP header is not included in the authentication.
When both authentication and encryption are selected, encryption is performed first, before authentication. One reason for this order of processing is that it facilitates rapid detection and rejection of replayed or bogus packets by the receiving node. Prior to decrypting the packet, the receiver can detect the problem and potentially reduce the impact of denial-of- service attacks.
Figure 3 ESP tunnel versus transport mode.
ESP can also provide packet authentication with an optional field for authentication. Cisco
IOS software and the PIX Firewall refer to this service as ESP hashed message authentication code (HMAC). Authentication is calculated after the encryption is done. The current IPSec standard specifies SHA-1 and MD5 as the mandatory HMAC algorithms.
The main difference between the authentication provided by ESP and AH is the extent of the coverage. Specifically, ESP doesn't protect any IP header fields unless those fields are encapsulated by ESP (tunnel mode). Figure 4 illustrates the fields protected by ESP
HMAC.
Figure 4 ESP encryption with a keyed HMAC.
IPSec Transforms
An IPSec transform specifies a single IPSec security protocol (either AH or ESP) with its corresponding security algorithms and mode. Example transforms include the following:
The AH protocol with the HMAC with MD5 authentication algorithm in tunnel mode is used for authentication.
The ESP protocol with the triple DES (3DES) encryption algorithm in transport mode is used for confidentiality of data.
The ESP protocol with the 56-bit DES encryption algorithm and the HMAC with SHA-1 authentication algorithm in tunnel mode is used for authentication and confidentiality.
Transform Sets
A transform set is a combination of individual IPSec transforms designed to enact a specific security policy for traffic. During the ISAKMP IPSec security association negotiation that occurs in IKE phase 2 quick mode, the peers agree to use a particular transform set for protecting a particular data flow. Transform sets combine the following IPSec factors:
Mechanism for payload authentication-AH transform
Mechanism for payload encryption-ESP transform
IPSec mode (transport versus tunnel)
Transform sets equal a combination of an AH transform, plus an ESP transform, plus the
IPSec mode (either tunnel or transport mode).
This brings us to the end of the second part of this five-part series of articles covering
IPSec. Be sure to catch the next installment.
Cisco Press at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/printerfriendly.asp?p=25477 and
Source: TIPTON, Harold F. & KRAUSE, MICKI, Information Security Management
Handbook, 4th Edition, Volume 2, 2001, CRC Press, NY, Pages 166-167.
NEW QUESTION # 1059
Which of the following four iterative steps are conducted on third-party vendors in an on-going basis?

• A. Investigate, Assess, Remediate, Monitor
• B. Frame, Assess, Remediate, Monitor
• C. Investigate, Evaluate, Respond, Monitor
• D. Frame, Assess, Respond, Monitor

Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 1060
Which of the following is most affected by denial-of-service (DoS) attacks?

• A. Availability
• B. Confidentiality
• C. Accountability
• D. Integrity

Answer: A Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are attacks that prevent a system from processing or responding to legitimate traffic or requests for resources and objects. This type of attack makes the system unavailable.
Incorrect Answers:
A: Denial-of-service (DoS) attack main effect is not confidentiality, it is availability.
B: Denial-of-service (DoS) attack main effect is not integrity, it is availability.
C: Denial-of-service (DoS) attack main effect is not integrity, it is accountability.
References:
Stewart, James M., Ed Tittel, and Mike Chapple, CISSP: Certified Information Systems Security Professional Study Guide, 5th Edition, Sybex, Indianapolis, 2011, p. 64
NEW QUESTION # 1061
Which of the following BEST describes the responsibilities of a data owner?

• A. Determining the impact the information has on the mission of the organization
• B. Maintaining fundamental data availability, including data storage and archiving
• C. Ensuring quality and validation through periodic audits for ongoing data integrity
• D. Ensuring accessibility to appropriate users, maintaining appropriate levels of data security

Answer: D Explanation:
Section: Asset Security
Explanation/Reference: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/category/certifications-training/cissp/domains/asset- security/data-and-system-ownership/#gref
NEW QUESTION # 1062
Which of the following computer design approaches is based on the fact that in earlier technologies, the instruction fetch was the longest part of the cycle?

• A. Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
• B. Pipelining
• C. Scalar processors
• D. Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)

Answer: D Explanation:
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) uses instructions that perform many operations per instruction. It was based on the fact that in earlier technologies, the instruction fetch was the longest part of the cycle. Therefore, by packing more operations into an instruction, the number of fetches could be reduced. Pipelining involves overlapping the steps of different instructions to increase the performance in a computer. Reduced
Instruction Set Computers (RISC) involve simpler instructions that require fewer clock cycles to execute. Scalar processors are processors that execute one instruction at a time.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the
Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 5: Security
Architectures and Models (page 188).
NEW QUESTION # 1063
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