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More than 5,000 years ago, the nomadic tribe known today as the Yamnaya roared through the grasslands of modern-day Russia and Ukraine in huge oxcarts. in just a few centuries They have spread throughout Eurasia. Leaving a genetic trace in populations from Mongolia to Hungary, plaque from the teeth of more than 50 Bronze Age skeletons now shows the unlikely weapon driving their expansion: milk.

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Wolfgang Haak, an archaeologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology who was not involved in the research, said: "It's nice to finally see this kind of evidence," he said. "It's a convincing argument about dairy.Researchers have long speculated that the combination of wagons, milking and horseback riding might have made Yamnaya, which Haak refers to as "the most ephemeral one".

Eastern cowboy" to develop a new, more streamlined way of life. Unleash an unprecedented expansion But there is little direct evidence to support that idea. In addition to the burial of a few carts and pottery.Researchers from the United States, Europe and Russia looked for milk proteins that were stored and preserved in the dental calculus, or plaque, of people living on the modern Russian steppes between 4600 and 1700. What drove Yamnaya's success?

BCE They examined 56 skeletons from more than two dozen sites in the northern Caspian Sea. The team isolated the preserved protein from the mineral matrix of the plaque. Mass spectroscopy was then used to identify individual proteins.Before 3300 B.C.E., the calculus of the teeth of people living in the Volga and Don settlements had virtually no milk protein. But these preyamnaya groups tended to consume freshwater fish,

wild animals and occasional beef, sheep or goats. as suggested by isotope analysis of their skeletons and animal bones at previous sites.Then, about 3300 B.C.E., something changed. Samples scraped from the teeth of people who lived after that day were loaded with proteins from cow, sheep and goat's milk, providing direct evidence that they ate dairy products. Some even have a small amount of preserved horse milk.

There has been a cultural shift,” said Chewan Wilkin, the research team leader. "It's a huge shift in perspective from 'Sometimes we eat these animals' to 'we milk them all the time'.Proteins suggest that the use of dairy products and animal husbandry were key to the rapid transformation of hunter-gatherers into nomadic herders and their expansion across Eurasia in just over 300 years. "Horses, cattle,