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EC-COUNCIL 212-81 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) History of Cryptography
Topic 2	Cracking Modern Cryptography: Ciphertext-only and Related-key Attack Cracking Modern Cryptography: Chosen Plaintext Attack
Topic 3	Steganography Implementations Example of Symmetric Stream Ciphers: RC4
Topic 4	Birthday Paradox: Probability Mono-Alphabet Substitution
Topic 5	Symmetric Block Cipher Algorithms Basic Facts of the Feistel Function
Topic 6	Server-based Certificate Validation Protocol Classification of Random Number Generator
Topic 7	Symmetric Cryptography & Hashes Single Substitution Weaknesses

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EC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q62-Q67):

NEW QUESTION # 62
Part of understanding cryptography is understanding the cryptographic primitives that go into any crypto system. A(n) _______ is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is random or pseudorandom.

• A. Chain
• B. Salt
• C. Key
• D. IV

Answer: C Explanation:
Key
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)
In cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm. For encryption algorithms, a key specifies the transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, and vice versa for decryption algorithms. Keys also specify transformations in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and message authentication codes.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Which of the following encryption algorithms relies on the inability to factor large prime numbers?

• A. AES
• B. MQV
• C. RSA
• D. EC

Answer: C Explanation:
Correct answers: RSA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA(cryptosystem)
RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly, in 1973 at GCHQ (the British signals intelligence agency), by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997.
In a public-key cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and distinct from the decryption key, which is kept secret (private). An RSA user creates and publishes a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value. The prime numbers are kept secret. Messages can be encrypted by anyone, via the public key, but can only be decoded by someone who knows the prime numbers.
The security of RSA relies on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the "factoring problem". Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem. Whether it is as difficult as the factoring problem is an open question. There are no published methods to defeat the system if a large enough key is used.
Incorrect answers:
EC - Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC allows smaller keys compared to non-EC cryptography (based on plain Galois fields) to provide equivalent security.
AES - Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael, is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.
AES is a subset of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, who submitted a proposal to NIST during the AES selection process. Rijndael is a family of ciphers with different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.
MQV - (Menezes-Qu-Vanstone) is an authenticated protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie-Hellman scheme. Like other authenticated Diffie-Hellman schemes, MQV provides protection against an active attacker. The protocol can be modified to work in an arbitrary finite group, and, in particular, elliptic curve groups, where it is known as elliptic curve MQV (ECMQV).
NEW QUESTION # 64
In relationship to hashing, the term _refers to random bits that are used as one of the inputs to the hash. Essentially the ___ is intermixed with the message that is to be hashed

• A. Salt
• B. IV
• C. Stream
• D. Vector

Answer: A Explanation:
Salt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)
A salt is random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salts are used to safeguard passwords in storage. Historically a password was stored in plaintext on a system, but over time additional safeguards were developed to protect a user's password against being read from the system. A salt is one of those methods.
Incorrect answers:
Vector - Wrong!
IV - an initialization vector or starting variable (SV) is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash functions and message authentication codes based thereon.
Stream - A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as state cipher. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR).
NEW QUESTION # 65
Hash algortihm created by the Russians. Produces a fixed length output of 256bits. Input message is broken up into 256 bit blocks. If block is less than 256 bits then it is padded with 0s.

• A. FORK-256
• B. GOST
• C. BEAR
• D. TIGER

Answer: B Explanation:
GOST
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST(hashfunction)
The GOST hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-94 Information Technology - Cryptographic Information Security - Hash Function. The equivalent standard used by other member-states of the CIS is GOST 34.311-95.
Incorrect answers:
BEAR - BEAR block cipher was invented by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham by combining a stream cipher and a cryptographic hash function.
TIGER - is a cryptographic hash function designed by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham in 1995 for efficiency on 64-bit platforms. The size of a Tiger hash value is 192 bits. Truncated versions (known as Tiger/128 and Tiger/160) can be used for compatibility with protocols assuming a particular hash size. Unlike the SHA-2 family, no distinguishing initialization values are defined; they are simply prefixes of the full Tiger/192 hash value.
FORK-256 - is a hash algorithm designed in response to security issues discovered in the earlier SHA-1 and MD5 algorithms. After substantial cryptanalysis, the algorithm is considered broken.
NEW QUESTION # 66
Which of the following is generally true about key sizes?

• A. Larger key sizes increase security
• B. Smaller key sizes increase security
• C. Key size is irrelevant to security
• D. Key sizes must be more than 256 bits to be secure

Answer: A Explanation:
Larger key sizes increase security
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_size
Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm's security (i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), since the security of all algorithms can be violated by brute-force attacks. Ideally, the lower-bound on an algorithm's security is by design equal to the key length (that is, the security is determined entirely by the keylength, or in other words, the algorithm's design doesn't detract from the degree of security inherent in the key length). Indeed, most symmetric-key algorithms are designed to have security equal to their key length. However, after design, a new attack might be discovered. For instance, Triple DES was designed to have a 168 bit key, but an attack of complexity 2112 is now known (i.e. Triple DES now only has 112 bits of security, and of the 168 bits in the key the attack has rendered 56 'ineffective' towards security). Nevertheless, as long as the security (understood as 'the amount of effort it would take to gain access') is sufficient for a particular application, then it doesn't matter if key length and security coincide. This is important for asymmetric-key algorithms, because no such algorithm is known to satisfy this property; elliptic curve cryptography comes the closest with an effective security of roughly half its key length.
NEW QUESTION # 67
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