about 1 year her

当社の製品よりも高いプロファイルと低価格を備えた他の学習教材もあるかもしれませんが、L4M3学習教材の合格率は彼らのものよりもはるかに高いことを保証できます。そしてこれが最も重要です。以前のデータによると、L4M3トレーニング質問を使用する人の98％〜99％が試験に合格しました。あなたが私たちに信頼を与えてくれるなら、私たちはあなたに成功を与えます。

CIPS L4M3 認定試験の出題範囲：

トピック	出題範囲
トピック 1	Defining contractual performance measures or key performance indicators (KPI) Understand the key clauses that are included informal contracts
トピック 2	Recognise types of pricing arrangements incommercial agreements The battle of the forms and precedence of contract terms
トピック 3	Terms that apply to labour standards and ethical sourcing Including social and environmental criteria inspecifications
トピック 4	Drafting specifications and developing marketdialogue with suppliers Understand the legal issues that relate to the formation of contracts
トピック 5	Recognise examples of contractual terms typically incorporated into contracts that are created with external organisations Invitation to tender or request for quotation
トピック 6	Analyse contractual terms for contracts that arecreated with external organisations The Vienna Convention on the International Sales of Goods
トピック 7	Appraise examples of key performance indicators (KPIs) in contractual agreements Analyse the legal issues that relate to the creation of commercial agreements with customers or suppliers
トピック 8	Risks presented by contracting on suppliers terms or through oral contracts Analyse the content of specifications for procurements

>> L4M3一発合格 <<

CIPS L4M3認定内容 & L4M3関連資料

L4M3学習ガイドは、世界で非常に効率的なツールです。私たちに知られているように、私たちの現代世界では、誰もがより速く、より良く、よりスマートに物事を行うことを求めているので、生産性ハックが信じられないほど人気が​​あるのも不思議ではありません。そのため、学習ツールの重要性を認識する必要があります。お客様の学習効率を高めるために、当社のL4M3トレーニング資料は、当社の多くの専門家によって設計されました。 L4M3学習教材は、すべての人々が学習効率を向上させるのに非常に役立ちます。

CIPS Commercial Contracting 認定 L4M3 試験問題 (Q93-Q98):

質問 # 93
Which of the following is a key feature of liquidated damage clauses?

• A. The liquidated damages are non-negotiable
• B. The amount of liquidated damages must be exceptionally larger than the actual damages incurred
• C. Liquidated damage is a penalty
• D. The amount of damage is predetermined

正解：D 解説：
Liquidated damages are presented in certain legal contracts as an estimate of otherwise intangible or hard-to-define losses to one of the parties. It is a provision that allows for the payment of a specified sum should one of the parties be in breach of contract.
Understanding Liquidated Damages
Liquidated damages are meant as a fair representation of losses in situations where actual damages are difficult to ascertain. In general, liquidated damages are meant to be fair, rather than punitive.
Liquidated damages may be referred to in a specific contract clause to cover circumstances where a party faces a loss from assets that do not have a direct monetary correlation. For example, if a party in a contract were to leak supply chain pricing information that is vital to a business, this could fall under liquidated damages.
A common example is a design phase for a new product that may involve consultation with outside suppliers and consultants in addition to a company's employees. The underlying plans or designs for a product might not have a set market value. This may be true even if the subsequent product is crucial to the progress and growth of a company. These plans may be deemed to be trade secrets of the business and highly sensitive. If the plans were exposed by a disgruntled employee or supplier, it could greatly hamper the ability to generate revenue from the release of that product. A company would have to make an estimation in advance of what such losses could cost in order to include this in a liquidated damages clause of a contract.
Limitations of Liquidated Damages
It is possible that a liquidated damages clause might not be enforced by the courts. This can occur if the monetary amount of liquidated damages cited in the clause is extraordinarily disproportional to the scope of what was affected by the breached contract.
Such limitations prevent a plaintiff from attempting to claim an unsubstantiated exorbitant amount from a defendant. For instance, a plaintiff might not be able to claim liquidated damages that amount to multiples of its gross revenue if the breach only affected a specific portion of its operations. The concept of liquidated damages is framed around compensation related to some harm and injury to the party rather than a fine imposed on the defendant.
The courts typically require that the parties involved make the most reasonable assessment possible for the liquidated damages clause at the time the contract is signed. This can provide a sense of understanding and reassurance of what is at stake if that aspect of the contract is breached. A liquidated damages clause can also give the parties involved a basis to negotiate from for an out-of-court settlement.
Reference:
- Liquidated Damages
- CIPS study guide page 158-159
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 94
Which of the following are always considered as minimum preconditions for a contract? Select TWO that apply:

• A. Specification
• B. Omission
• C. Intention to be bound
• D. Consideration
• E. Promise

正解：C、D 解説：
In order to form a contract to come into being, there are five conditions:
- Offer
- Acceptance
- Consideration
- Intention to be legally bound
- Capacity to contract
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 95
The cost in cost reimbursable contract is...?

• A. Fixed cost
• B. Variable cost
• C. Profit
• D. Actual cost

正解：D 解説：
A cost reimbursable contract (sometimes called a cost plus contract) is one in which the contractor is reimbursed the actual costs they incur in carrying out the works, plus an additional fee. Option E of the NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) is an example of a cost reimbursable contract.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 176-179
- Cost reimbursable contract
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 96
Cleveland Insurance (Cleveland) offers a range of insurance services. The main software used in the call centre is a customer relationship management (CRM) system. Cleveland perceived an urgent need to replace the existing CRM system to deal with the increasing number of customers and services.
Urgent Digital Ltd (Digital) is one of the bidders of Cleveland's ITT. Its bid team is led by Hank Irvine, its technical director. Hank realises that winning the Cleveland contract (valued at approximately £50M) will enhance his career. During discussions with Cleveland, Hank offers certain assurances regarding timescales for the project. He has not carried out any investigations into the viability of the timescales. Hank has little idea whether the timescales can be met.
Cleveland decides that Digital's bid meets with its requirements, especially given the assurances in timescale offered by Hank, and decides to proceed with it, subject to a formal contract. Eventually, a formal contract is signed by both parties. The initial assurances given by Hank about the timing of the project are never going to be achieved and are at best grossly exaggerated.
Hank's pre-contractual assurance is most likely to be an example of which of the following?

• A. Initial impossibility
• B. Inaccuracy in communication
• C. Fraudulent misrepresentation
• D. Threat

正解：A 解説：
Hank's pre-contractual assurances may amount to misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation is a strong possibility since Hank had carried out no investigations into the viability of the project timescales. This could amount to recklessness in using information without taking any steps to see if it is true or not.
The scenario above was constructed based on the case BSkyB v EDS, a famous case in IT sector.
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 97
Which of the following are reasons why a buying organisation adopts a model contract?
1. Extremely advantageous terms for buyer
2. Correct legal terminology
3. Supplier cannot make variation to the model form
4. Specific to industry

• A. 1 and 2 only
• B. 2 and 3 only
• C. 1 and 4 only
• D. 2 and 4 only

正解：D 解説：
Advantages for the use of model forms of contract include:
* Helps to reduce the time and cost in contract development, particularly in detailed negotiation of terms and conditions.
* Avoids starting from the beginning each time, avoids" re-inventing the wheel" each time.
* Model contract forms may be widely accepted by both buyers and sellers across the industry or sector.
* Model contract forms are even handed and designed to be fair to both parties in the contract.
* Model contract forms include standard clauses that can be selected or deleted on an as required basis.
* Model contract form's standard clauses are more likely to contain the correct legal terminology without recourse to third party experts.
Disadvantages of this type of contract include:
* Terms may be less advantageous, than may be achieved through negotiations, particularly where there is one party who is much stronger than the other.
* The generic contract may be difficult to adapt to the specific circumstances between two parties.
* Terms may not necessarily include special clauses or requirements to cover a particular or unusual situation.
* Legal advice and input may still be required, particularly where significant variations to the norm are required.
* There may be costs associated with training staff in the detailed application of the model forms of contract.
Reference:
- D5 Sample QUESTION and answer
- CIPS study guide page 147
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 98
...... 模擬試験の準備をしている場合、当社のL4M3テスト模擬ファイルが最良の選択であることを確認できます。当社よりも優れた教材を見つけることはできません。 L4M3準備資料には多くの利点があります。L4M3トレーニングガイドのデモを無料でダウンロードして、L4M3準備ガイドの特別な機能を詳しく知ることができます。また、L4M3試験準備の品質もわかります。 L4M3試験問題を気に入っていただけることを願っています。 L4M3認定内容: https://www.it-passports.com/L4M3.html