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The Swedish brown bear almost disappeared in the early 1900s, preying on ardent trophy hunters and angry farmers. Conservation efforts have slowly brought them back—with an unexpected bonus. DNA from the animal's teeth now reveals that Almost immediately after antibiotics in the 1950s, the drug infiltrated the most remote Swedish forests. The new discovery could help scientists understand the spread of antibiotic resistance. This is a global problem that has a huge impact on human health.

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James Fellows Yates, an archaeologist at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Human History, was not involved in the research. "[This study] is a really good example. On how to use ancient DNA for real-world problems to collect samples Microbiologist Jaelle Brealey spent hours examining bear skulls from the Swedish National Museum's collection that date back to 1842, looking for discoloration on their teeth that indicates the presence of calculus or plaque.

The leaves have been studied for more than 10 years in humans to better understand food and health. “In humans, they look like large clumps, but in bears, it's a thin film that blocks teeth.Brealey and her co-authors collected material from 82 bears by scraping the bear's film onto an aluminum foil. Genetic analysis revealed diverse bacterial communities living in the animals' mouths. which is called the oral microbiome.

Researchers have also found genes for antibiotic resistance. Some bacteria have evolved in response to antibiotics in the environment.when the researchers sorted their samples over time The results are also striking: Antimicrobial resistance appears to have exploded across Sweden after the introduction of antibiotics in 1951, as did most people around the world. Sweden has been gaining attention for its use of drugs everywhere, from hospitals to farms.

It is used to treat livestock diseases and promote rapid growth. By 1970 Sweden produced more than 40,000 kg of antibiotics each year.The bear's teeth were a recorder of what happened next: The widespread use of antibiotics led to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Between 1951 and 1970, the bacteria in the calculus sample had a number of antibiotic-resistant genes. Twice as compared to pre-antibiotic calculus. "When humans start taking antibiotics, they're not going anywhere,